Chicago School

The Chicago school refers to a group of scientists and sociologists who would come up with ideas about the best approach to run the society that would eventually become the holy grail of society. The scholars used the city of Chicago as the laboratory to test new sociology theories that would redefine how cities are run. The Chicago school would incorporate new ideas and phenomenon that would inevitably change the science of organizing society, defining the contours of the urbanized society, and defining the environmental or ecological aspects of the urban environment. These concepts would guide the stratification of cities, based on human ecology, after one of the scientists in the group of scholars Robert Park noted that in addition to the geographical components that defined cities, human ecology was instrumental in shaping culture, productivity, and even economics. Each of the segments of the city based on human ecology was governed by competition and segregation that eventually led to the development of a moral order. These concepts would lead to the anthropological study of delinquency in cities, cultural life, and family disorganization in different geographical regions.

The Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic revolution refers to a period during the agrarian revolution when large groups of people around the world would transition from a hunter and gatherer culture to one that depended primarily on agriculture. The revolution would lead to the production of surplus foods that would inevitably lead to the increase in the population, since the societies would not produce more food to support a larger population. The period is also characterized by rapid experimentation with planting of crops, domestication of animals, and the cultivation methods, which would lead to an explosion of knowledge in the societies back then, resulting in drastic changes in the way humans lived and interacted with each other. The period began as early as 11700 years ago, which is the period that historians, anthropologists and other researchers attribute to have been the first period in which humans began experimenting with agriculture.
Difference between Pre-Industrialization and Industrialization cities
The core difference between the pre-industrial cities and the industrial cities is the presence of industries in the cities. In the pre-industrial cities, the main activity that people engaged in was the trade of food, and as a result, peasants constituted the largest proportion of city dwellers. However, after the industrial revolution, cities were predominantly filled with factories, thereby making most of the urban dwellers factory workers. This distinction would lead to a radical change in how the cities were run and the potential that the people would have on improving their lives. Before the industrial revolution, another major distinction from the industrial cities was the fact that social mobility was virtually impossible. The elites controlled most of the factors of production, thereby leading to a situation if one was born a peasant, he or she would remain a peasant all his or her life. However, the introduction of factory jobs would change the landscape radically, leading to an increase in social mobility. Some of the factory workers were able to ascend from the lowest socioeconomic strata to the highest level of the society, which led to a surge in the size of the middle class. The rise of the middle class would also lead to higher levels of consumption, resulting in the development of an economic system which is very similar to the one that we have today.

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