For all submissions please double space and use 11 point font, this will give me room to make comments. Please use correct grammar and complete sentences throughout. Do not type in this form, and do not copy the questions over to your responses. You may use any legitimate sources that your wish, cite them below the pertinent question response. Do not plagiarize, make sure your answers are in your own words. If you have any questions regarding plagiarism check out this website: http://www.plagiarism.org.

There are many “right” answers to the essay questions. Ensure your answers are plausible and justifiable for full credit.

1.  This is expected to be a short essay (10 points):Pompe disease is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) which, along with the other 40+ similar genetic disorders in this family, affect 1 in 7,700 babies born. You are a pathologist and you would like to investigate and confirm the presence of LSD using histologic methods. What will you do? Include at least two histological techniques (not molecular techniques) in your answer and predicted experimental outcomes. 

2. This is expected to be a short essay (15 points): Read the posted article “Tissue-engineered artificial oesophagus patch using three-dimensionally printed polycaprolactone with mesenchymal stem cells: a preliminary report.”

1. What is polycaprolactone and why is it a good candidate for tissue engineering (specifically 3D printing based tissue engineering).
2. What is fibrin and what are three important contributions that it makes to the implanted artificial oesophagus?
3. Discuss figure 6, what is Desmin and what does it indicate? Find a commercially available source for a Desmin antibody. Include the source datasheet and price with your answer.

3. This is expected to be a short essay (15 points):Read the article “How secret conversations inside cells are transforming biology,” which can be found at https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00792-9.

1. Summarize the main points of this article as they relate to sub-cellular structure.
2. Given this information (at least in part) has been known for nearly 70 years, why is cell biology not being taught in a way that reflects this organization? Your answer can focus on K-12 education and/or post-secondary education.
3. Using a TEM that you find (and must cite), indicate features of the intracellular environment that reflect the intimate association of organelles with one another.

4. This is expected to be a long essay question (30 points): please structure with introduction/background, rationale, experiments, and include predictions for each experiment you suggest. Design a series of experiments (at least 3) to test the hypothesis: mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy are upregulated in breast cancer cells. Include experiments to observe integrity of the mitochondrial membrane(s), overall levels of autophagy, and any other experiments you think will be helpful and/or yield useful results. Make sure to cite your sources.

5. This is expected to be a long Essay Question (30 points): please structure with introduction/background, rationale, experiments, and include predictions for each experiment you suggest. Design a series of experiments to test the hypothesis: α-synuclein protein builds up in the brain of Parkinson’s disease patients. Include experiments to observe sub-cellular location of α-synuclein, overall levels of α-synuclein, and any other experiments you think will be helpful and/or yield useful results.